Age-related macular degeneration
Also called: AMD, Wet AMD, Dry AMD
Damage to the macula, the central part of the retina, causing loss of central vision needed for reading and recognising faces. The leading cause of sight loss in older people in wealthy countries.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Age-related deposits (drusen) and degeneration; wet AMD involves abnormal new vessels
Risk factors
- Age over 50
- Smoking
- Family history
- Genetics (CFH)
- Poor diet
Symptoms
- Blurred or distorted central vision (straight lines look wavy)
- Dark or empty patch in the centre
- Difficulty reading
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Retinal examination and OCT scan
- Fluorescein angiography
- Amsler grid
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Anti-VEGF injections (aflibercept, ranibizumab, faricimab) for wet AMD
- Complement inhibitors (pegcetacoplan) for geographic atrophy in some countries
- AREDS2 supplements for intermediate AMD
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Stop smoking
- Diet rich in leafy greens and fish
- Low-vision aids and good lighting
Possible complications
- Severe central vision loss
- Charles Bonnet hallucinations
Prevention
- Not smoking, healthy diet
Outlook
Wet AMD often stabilises with regular injections; dry AMD progresses slowly.
When to see a doctor
See an eye specialist urgently for sudden distortion of central vision.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.