Bones, joints & musclesStructuralICD-10 M41
Scoliosis
A sideways curve of the spine, most often appearing in adolescence without a known cause. Most curves are mild and need only monitoring.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Idiopathic (80%)
- Congenital vertebral defects
- Neuromuscular conditions
- Degenerative in adults
Risk factors
- Adolescence, female sex (more likely to progress)
- Family history
Symptoms
- Uneven shoulders or hips
- Rib hump when bending forward
- Back pain in adults
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Forward bending test
- Standing spinal X-ray (Cobb angle)
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Observation for small curves
Operations and procedures
- Bracing for moderate curves in growing children
- Spinal fusion surgery for severe curves (over 45–50°)
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Physiotherapy-specific exercises
- Regular monitoring during growth
Possible complications
- Progression
- Breathing problems with very severe curves
Prevention
- Early detection
Outlook
Most people with mild scoliosis live normal lives.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if you notice uneven shoulders or a rib hump in a child.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.