Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury)
Also called: Mild TBI
A temporary disturbance of brain function after a blow to the head or body. Symptoms usually resolve within weeks, but a second injury before recovery can be dangerous.
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Causes
- Head impact or rapid acceleration–deceleration
Risk factors
- Contact sports
- Falls
- Road traffic accidents
Symptoms
- Headache
- Confusion and memory gaps
- Dizziness and balance problems
- Nausea
- Sensitivity to light and noise
- Irritability and sleep changes
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Clinical assessment
- CT head if red flags (vomiting, reduced consciousness, anticoagulants, age over 65)
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Paracetamol for headache
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Relative rest for 24–48 hours, then gradual return to activity
- Graded return-to-sport protocol
- Avoid alcohol and screens if they worsen symptoms
Possible complications
- Post-concussion syndrome
- Second impact syndrome
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy with repeated injury
Prevention
- Helmets and seatbelts; sport rule enforcement
Outlook
Most recover within 2–4 weeks.
When to see a doctor
Seek emergency care after a head injury with vomiting, worsening headache, drowsiness, seizure or weakness.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
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Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.