HIV infection
Also called: Human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS
A virus that attacks the immune system. With modern treatment people with HIV live near-normal lives, and an undetectable viral load means HIV cannot be passed on sexually (U=U).
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Human immunodeficiency virus spread through sex, blood and from mother to child
Risk factors
- Unprotected sex
- Sharing needles
- Mother-to-child transmission
Symptoms
- Flu-like illness 2–6 weeks after infection
- Often no symptoms for years
- Later: weight loss, recurrent infections, opportunistic infections (AIDS)
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- HIV antigen/antibody test
- Viral load and CD4 count
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Antiretroviral therapy (e.g. bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir) taken daily for life
- Long-acting injectable cabotegravir + rilpivirine
- Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Daily adherence
- Regular monitoring
Possible complications
- AIDS-defining infections and cancers
- Cardiovascular disease
Prevention
- Condoms
- PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis)
- PEP after exposure
- Treatment as prevention (U=U)
- Needle exchange
Outlook
Near-normal life expectancy with treatment.
When to see a doctor
Test regularly if at risk; seek PEP within 72 hours of a possible exposure.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.