Mental healthNeurodevelopmentalICD-10 F90
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Also called: ADHD, ADD
A neurodevelopmental condition with persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that begins in childhood and often continues into adulthood.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Highly heritable; differences in brain development and dopamine signalling
Risk factors
- Family history
- Premature birth and low birth weight
- Prenatal alcohol or tobacco exposure
Symptoms
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Forgetfulness and disorganisation
- Restlessness and fidgeting
- Impulsivity
- Emotional dysregulation
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Specialist assessment with information from several settings (home, school, work)
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Stimulants (methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine)
- Non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine)
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Parent training and classroom support
- CBT and coaching for adults
- Routines, exercise and sleep
Possible complications
- Academic and work difficulties
- Accidents
- Substance misuse
- Low self-esteem
Prevention
- Healthy pregnancy
Outlook
Treatment substantially improves functioning.
When to see a doctor
Seek assessment if attention or hyperactivity problems affect school, work or relationships.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.