Sepsis
Also called: Septicaemia, Blood poisoning, Septic shock
This can be a medical emergency. Call emergency services if someone with an infection becomes confused, breathless, mottled or very unwell.
A life-threatening reaction to infection in which the body's response injures its own organs. It needs antibiotics and fluids within the hour.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
About 49 million cases and 11 million deaths a year worldwide.
Causes
- Any infection: pneumonia, urinary tract, abdominal, skin, meningitis
Risk factors
- Very young or old age
- Weakened immunity, chemotherapy
- Diabetes
- Recent surgery or lines
- Pregnancy
Symptoms
- Fever or low temperature, shivering
- Fast breathing and fast heart rate
- Confusion or slurred speech
- Mottled or bluish skin
- Not passing urine
- Feeling like you might die
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Clinical scores (NEWS2, qSOFA)
- Lactate, blood cultures, blood tests
- Search for the source
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics within 1 hour
- Intravenous fluids
- Vasopressors for septic shock
- Oxygen
Operations and procedures
- Source control: drain abscesses, remove infected lines or tissue
- Intensive care support
Possible complications
- Septic shock and multi-organ failure
- Post-sepsis syndrome
- Death
Prevention
- Vaccination
- Prompt treatment of infections
- Hand hygiene
Outlook
Early treatment greatly improves survival; mortality of septic shock is about 30–40%.
When to see a doctor
Call emergency services if someone with an infection becomes confused, breathless, mottled or very unwell.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.